Unemployment level in Pakistan:

The Unemployment Level is the aggregate measure of people currently unemployed in the US. Someone in the labor force is defined as unemployed if they were not employed during the survey reference week, were available for work, and made at minimum one active effort to find a job during the 4-week survey period. Unemployment level in Pakistan: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and looking for employment. Pakistan unemployment rate for 2020 was 4.65%, a 0.67% increase from 2019. Pakistan unemployment rate for 2019 was 3.98%, a 0.1% decline from 2018. Major causes of Unemployment:

1. Seasonal Unemployment: Seasonal workers might be without paid jobs due to time of year when there is seasonal change in demand, production and employment. E.g., Farming, Tourism, Retailing, Hospitality etc.….
2. Frictional unemployment is caused by workers seeking a better job or who are between jobs. It also affects people who are new entrants to the labor market such as school leavers and college and university graduates. It affects people who are on short-term employment contracts.
3. Zero hours contracts do not guarantee a minimum number of working hours each week. In the UK labor market people on “Zero-hours contract” are more likely to be young, part time, women, or in full-time education when compared with others in employment.
4. Structural unemployment: • Unemployment caused by lack of suitable skills for jobs available; a result of de-industrialization or other structural change in an economy. • Often people remain unemployed because of disincentive effects including the unemployment trap. • Structural unemployment can happen because of other barriers to people finding work including un affordable housing, the high cost of childcare and expensive transport services.
5. Cyclical unemployment is involuntary unemployment due to a lack of aggregate demand for goods and services. This is also known as Keynesian unemployment or demand-deficient unemployment.